LITERATURES
LITERATURES

Green Coke

Coke, in this context, refers not to a beverage but to a form of amorphous carbon used in metal production and for creating various carbon-based materials, known as metallurgical coke or green petroleum coke. This type of coke is produced in delayed coking units where crude oil is processed into lighter fuels like gasoline and jet fuel. In its unprocessed state, it's known as green coke or green petroleum coke, with its quality largely dependent on the type of crude oil refined.

 

The quality of green coke varies with the source of crude oil, affecting the characteristics of the resulting liquid fuels and the properties of the green coke itself, such as its carbon, sulfur, volatile matter, and nitrogen content. Based on sulfur content, green petroleum coke is classified according to Chinese GB standards into low sulfur (0-0.8%), medium sulfur (0.8-3.0%), and high sulfur (>3.0%) categories. Additionally, it is categorized into needle coke, sponge coke, shot coke, and fine coke, differentiated by their physical structures and appearances.

 

With a global production of approximately 170 million tons annually as of 2022, China accounts for about 23% of this production, while the United States and Canada together contribute 42%. China also emerges as a major consumer of green coke, importing between 3.5 to 9.0 million tons from around the world, with these figures fluctuating annually due to geopolitical influences. Around 70% of the global green coke supply is used for fuel in power and glass plants.

 

The application of coke is determined by its quality; high sulfur coke is used as a solid fuel in competition with coal, primarily in cement and power plants, due to its BTU content. Conversely, low sulfur and low impurity coke undergo calcination to be repurposed as essential materials in the aluminum and ferrous metal industries.

 

Beyond their use as solid fuels, low and medium sulfur cokes, once calcined, become crucial for producing various solid carbon materials in forms like powder, pieces, blocks, or cylinders. These materials serve as vital industrial commodities bridging the oil and metallurgical sectors, supplying carbon for diverse metallurgical uses, including the production of anodes for aluminum smelting and for manufacturing graphite electrodes or specialty graphite.

 

Carbon is everywhere!

Calcined Petroleum Coke

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Carbon is everywhere!

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Calcined Petroleum Coke

Carbon is everywhere!

Carbon is everywhere!

Carbon is a fundamental chemical element, symbolized by "C" and positioned in group 14 of the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 6, with an atomic mass of approximately 12.01 g/mol, making it a lightweight, nonmetallic, and tetravalent element—characteristics that allow it to form four bonds with other atoms due to the four electrons present in its outer shell. Remarkably, carbon ranks as the 17th most plentiful element on Earth and is second in abundance within the human body, underscoring its biological and geological significance.

Green Coke

Green Coke

Coke, in this context, refers not to a beverage but to a form of amorphous carbon used in metal production and for creating various carbon-based materials, known as metallurgical coke or green petroleum coke.

Calcined Petroleum Coke

Calcined Petroleum Coke

The calcination process plays a crucial role in transforming green petroleum coke into calcined petroleum coke (CPC), a material essential for various high-end industrial uses, including the manufacture of specialty graphite and anodes for the aluminum sector. This transformation is achieved by heating the coke to temperatures between 1200°C and 1400°C, a process that removes volatile compounds, resulting in a denser and less porous material. The characteristics of the starting green coke, especially its content of volatile matter and sulfur, significantly influence the final product's vibrated bulk density (VBD). A higher quality of green coke, characterized by lower levels of volatiles and sulfur, leads to a calcined coke with higher bulk density and lower porosity, desirable for applications requiring superior material performance.

Synthetic Graphite

Synthetic Graphite

In today's world, the ubiquitous presence of synthetic graphite in our daily lives often goes unnoticed, from the phones in our hands to the cars we drive. This form of graphite is integral to numerous specialized industries, serving as conductive electrodes in steel production, electrical components in medical devices, essential elements in lubricants, and as main cathodes in lithium-ion batteries, among other applications.

Natural Amorphous Graphite

Natural Amorphous Graphite

Amorphous graphite is a form of graphite that is distinguished by its microcrystalline structure, found within mesomorphic rocks such as coal, slate, and shale. Its carbon content varies and is directly influenced by the composition of the parent material. In coal, its formation is attributed to the thermal metamorphism that results in meta-anthracite. Unlike coal, however, amorphous graphite does not serve as a fuel source due to its challenging ignition properties. In the marketplace, amorphous graphite typically showcases purity levels ranging between 70% and 85%.

Natural Flake Graphite

Natural Flake Graphite

Natural flake graphite is a mineral that originates deep within the Earth's crust and upper mantle, formed through the transformation of carbonaceous precursors under significant heat and pressure. Specifically, this type of graphite crystallizes when subjected to pressures around 75,000 pounds per square inch and temperatures near 750 degrees Celsius, conditions characteristic of the granulite metamorphic facies. It manifests as isolated, flat, plate-like particles, displaying hexagonal or angular edges, and is predominantly found within metamorphic rocks such as limestone, gneiss, and schist, where it is evenly distributed across the ore body.

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