LITERATURES
LITERATURES

Calcined Petroleum Coke

The calcination process plays a crucial role in transforming green petroleum coke into calcined petroleum coke (CPC), a material essential for various high-end industrial uses, including the manufacture of specialty graphite and anodes for the aluminum sector. This transformation is achieved by heating the coke to temperatures between 1200°C and 1400°C, a process that removes volatile compounds, resulting in a denser and less porous material. 

 

The characteristics of the starting green coke, especially its content of volatile matter and sulfur, significantly influence the final product's vibrated bulk density (VBD). A higher quality of green coke, characterized by lower levels of volatiles and sulfur, leads to a calcined coke with higher bulk density and lower porosity, desirable for applications requiring superior material performance.

 

In the industry, two primary calciner designs are used: vertical shaft calciners and horizontal rotary calciners. Rotary calciners are particularly valued for their higher throughput, making them a staple in continuous production environments found in oil refineries and large-scale calcining operations.

 

It's important to note that the calcination process does not modify the sulfur content in the coke. Consequently, CPC is categorized into low (0-0.8%), medium (0.8-3.0%), and high (>3.0%) sulfur grades, following the classifications set by Chinese GB standards. This distinction is crucial as the demand for low sulfur CPC has surged, particularly for applications in the green energy sector, such as in the production of lithium-ion batteries. This surge has led to significant price fluctuations since 2021.

 

Additionally, petroleum coke can be differentiated into various forms, including needle coke, sponge coke, shot coke, and fine coke, based on their physical structure and appearance. Each type serves specific industry requirements based on its unique properties.


 

Green Coke

Synthetic Graphite

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Green Coke

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Synthetic Graphite

Carbon is everywhere!

Carbon is everywhere!

Carbon is a fundamental chemical element, symbolized by "C" and positioned in group 14 of the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 6, with an atomic mass of approximately 12.01 g/mol, making it a lightweight, nonmetallic, and tetravalent element—characteristics that allow it to form four bonds with other atoms due to the four electrons present in its outer shell. Remarkably, carbon ranks as the 17th most plentiful element on Earth and is second in abundance within the human body, underscoring its biological and geological significance.

Green Coke

Green Coke

Coke, in this context, refers not to a beverage but to a form of amorphous carbon used in metal production and for creating various carbon-based materials, known as metallurgical coke or green petroleum coke.

Calcined Petroleum Coke

Calcined Petroleum Coke

The calcination process plays a crucial role in transforming green petroleum coke into calcined petroleum coke (CPC), a material essential for various high-end industrial uses, including the manufacture of specialty graphite and anodes for the aluminum sector. This transformation is achieved by heating the coke to temperatures between 1200°C and 1400°C, a process that removes volatile compounds, resulting in a denser and less porous material. The characteristics of the starting green coke, especially its content of volatile matter and sulfur, significantly influence the final product's vibrated bulk density (VBD). A higher quality of green coke, characterized by lower levels of volatiles and sulfur, leads to a calcined coke with higher bulk density and lower porosity, desirable for applications requiring superior material performance.

Synthetic Graphite

Synthetic Graphite

In today's world, the ubiquitous presence of synthetic graphite in our daily lives often goes unnoticed, from the phones in our hands to the cars we drive. This form of graphite is integral to numerous specialized industries, serving as conductive electrodes in steel production, electrical components in medical devices, essential elements in lubricants, and as main cathodes in lithium-ion batteries, among other applications.

Natural Amorphous Graphite

Natural Amorphous Graphite

Amorphous graphite is a form of graphite that is distinguished by its microcrystalline structure, found within mesomorphic rocks such as coal, slate, and shale. Its carbon content varies and is directly influenced by the composition of the parent material. In coal, its formation is attributed to the thermal metamorphism that results in meta-anthracite. Unlike coal, however, amorphous graphite does not serve as a fuel source due to its challenging ignition properties. In the marketplace, amorphous graphite typically showcases purity levels ranging between 70% and 85%.

Natural Flake Graphite

Natural Flake Graphite

Natural flake graphite is a mineral that originates deep within the Earth's crust and upper mantle, formed through the transformation of carbonaceous precursors under significant heat and pressure. Specifically, this type of graphite crystallizes when subjected to pressures around 75,000 pounds per square inch and temperatures near 750 degrees Celsius, conditions characteristic of the granulite metamorphic facies. It manifests as isolated, flat, plate-like particles, displaying hexagonal or angular edges, and is predominantly found within metamorphic rocks such as limestone, gneiss, and schist, where it is evenly distributed across the ore body.

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